Hubungan jalur migrasi kuno dengan penyebaran nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

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Referensi: Trejaut J., Lee C. L., Yen J. C., Loo J. H., Lin M. (2011). Ancient migration routes of Austronesian-speaking populations in oceanic Southeast Asia and Melanesia might mimic the spread of nasopharyingeal carcinoma. Chinese Journal of Cancer, 30(2): 97-105.

ADN mitokondrial (mtDNA) dan kromosom Y non-rekombinasi (NRY) diwarisi secara uni-parental dari ibu ke anak perempuan atau dari ayah ke anak laki-laki. Polimorfisme mereka telah diteliti sebelumnya pada banyak kelompok masyarakat di dunia untuk membuktikan hipotesis yang diperoleh dari penelitian "Out of Africa". Pada penelitian kali ini, untuk mengkorelasikan penyebaran nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) pada kelompok penduduk yang berbeda di kawasan insular Asia, peneliti mengadakan analisis terhadap informasi (garis keturunan) mtDNA yang diperoleh dari genotip wilayah hiper variabel (HVS I & II) pada 1.400 orang di Asia Tenggara yang tinggal di pulau (ISEA), Taiwan dan Fujian dan didukung oleh analisis mengenai polimorfisme wilayah pengkodean yang relevan.  Garis keturunan yang paling merepresentasikan sebuah clade (cabang dari pohon genetik) di dalam phylogeny dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan complete genomic mtDNA sequencing. Terakhir, complete mtDNA sequence tersebut digunakan untuk membuat sebuah pohon yang paling parsimonik yang berguna untuk menjelaskan dataset complete mtDNA di ISEA dan Taiwan. Analisis ini menghasilkan dua informasi penting mengenai sejarah evolusioner insular Asia dan memiliki implikasi yang kuat di dalam menelaah kemungkinan korelasi dengan penyebaran bahasa, arkeologi, demografi dan NPC pada kelompok-kelompok penduduk di ketiga wilayah penelitian. Untuk mendapatkan sudut pandang genetik yang lebih obyektif dan berimbang, peneliti juga mengadakan analisis terhadap biallelic Y single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) yang mengalami evolusi secara perlahan. Seperti halnya pada langkah pertama di atas, teknik ini pertama kali diterapkan untuk menentukan afinitas (analisis makro) antara beberapa kelompok penduduk di insular Asia. kedua, peneliti menggunakan 16 Y short tandem repeat (Y-STR) yang memungkinkan diperolehnya informasi (analisis mikro) lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan antarindividu di wilayah yang sama. Secara bersamaan, mtDNA dan NRY membantu peneliti untuk mengemukakan definisi yang lebih baik tentang komponen-komponen hubungan, demografi, budaya dan genetik yang menentukan keberadaan masyarakat masa kini di ISEA. Temuan yang didapatkan ialah jalur migrasi yang terbentuk bersamaan dengan penyebaran NPC pada masa awal pendudukan insular Asia. Hasil dari analisis ini dibahas dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual.

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