Tradisi tato pada pelaut Euro-Amerika dan Afrika Barat

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Crutcher, M(1). Jack Tar’s ink: a comparative analysis of Euro-American and West African sailors’ tattoos during the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Maritime Studies 22, 3 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-022-00291-0

Abstrak : Pelaut telah identik sebagai kelompok masyarakat yang memiliki banyak tato pada tubuh mereka sejak abad ke-18. Pelaut Euro-Amerika meninggalkan catatan yang paling detil di dalam sejarah mengenai kepemilikan tato karena telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan tentang hal ini. Sementara masyarakat pelaut di luar kawasan Barat masih kurang memperoleh perhatian. Penelitian ini menyajikan perbandingan tato pelaut Kru atau Krumen dari negara Sierra Leone dan Liberia dengan tato pelaut Euro-Amerika. Kedua kelompok pelaut tersebut menjalani kehdupan yang sulit yang memerlukan pekerjaan-pekerjaan fisik yang berbeda dari kelompok masyarakat yang berpenghidupan di darat. Dalam dua kasus ini, tato menggambarkan kehidupan dunia kolonial; bagi pelaut Euro-Amerika, tato menandakan lama waktu mereka berada di tempat-tempat yang eksotis, sedangkan bagi pelaut Kru, tato membantu mereka menghindar dari eksploitasi kolonial dan perdagangan budak. Dalam kedua kasus ini, tato menjadi semacam cara bagi pelaut untuk membedakan diri di dalam dunia di mana tubuh mereka dieksploitasi sebagai sumber tenaga kerja "sekali pakai". Tato membantu pemiliknya untuk menghindar dari penguasaan orang lain, melalui perbudakan, kerja tanpa upah, atau wajib militer. Kedua jenis tato tersebut berhasil menyelamatkan mereka dari eksploitasi. Cerita tentang bagaimana dan mengapa pelaut dari banyak kebudayaan yang berbeda menunjukkan keberadaan tato sebagai hal yang berhubungan dengan imperialisme dan ketenagakerjaan pada abad ke-18, -19, dan -20.

Keterangan peneliti: (1)Nautical Archaeology Program, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

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