Pengelolaan hutan, perubahan iklim, dan kelimpahan populasi burung

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 Referensi :

Schulze ED, Craven D, Durso AM, Reif J, Guderle M, Kroiher F, Henning P, Weisberbs A, Schall P, Ammer C, Eisenhauer N. 2019. Positive association between forest management, environmental change, and forest bird abundance. Forest Ecosystems, 6:3. 


Latar belakang : Berkurangnya populasi satwa liar global, khususnya burung, terutama disebabkan oleh pengalihan fungsi lahan dan bertambahnya intensitas penggunaan lahan (Parmesan dan Yohe 2003). Meskipun demikian, dampak dari cara pengelolaan untuk mitigasi hilangnya keragaman hayati pada skala regional dan global lebih sukar diamati pada kawasan perhutanan yang memiliki daerah hutan yang konstan, dan yang tidak mengalami degradasi habitat, dan di mana hutan dikelola secara berkelanjutan, seperti di Eropa Tengah atau Amerika Serikat bagian timur laut. Sebuah telaah keragaman hayati untuk negara Jerman memberikan bukti bahwa populasi burung tidak mengalami perubahan (Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz 2015).

Hasil : Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan-perubahan lingkungan dan pengelolaan hutan dalam kurun waktu 45 tahun terakhir telah memberi pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap kelimpahan species burung hutan yang tidak melakukan migrasi di Eropa Tengah. Ekonomi (harga hasil hutan dan GDP), pengelolaan hutan (panen hasil hutan dan daerah hutan campuran), dan lingkungan (konsentrasi CO2 dalam atmosfer dan deposisi nitrogen) merupakan tiga faktor yang diamati bersama dengan perubahan kelimpahan burung hutan yang melakukan migrasi dan tidak melakukan migrasi dengan menggunakan partial least square modeling. Perubahan iklim, yang menyebabkan perpanjangan musim dan musim dingin yang lebih sedang, serta pengelolaan hutan, yang menyebabkan keragaman pohon, berhubungan secara positif dengan kelimpahan burung hutan yang tidak melalukan migrasi dan menjelaskan 92% dari variasi kelimpahan di Eropa. Burung hutan yang melakukan migrasi secara regional memiliki populasi yang stabil dengan variasi yang banyak, sedangkan burung yang melakukan migrasi lintas benua mengalami penurunan populasi dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, sehingga menunjukkan perubahan kontras yang signifikan populasi burung di Eropa. Di Amerika Utara bagian timur laut, burung hutan yang tidak melakukan migrasi mengalami pertambahan kelimpahan jangka panjang, dan pertambahan ini terkait dengan pengelolaan. Bertambahan populasi burung hutan yang tidak melakukan migrasi di Eropa dan Amerika Utara berhubungan dengan bertambahnya keragaman struktural dan gangguan pada skala bentang darat.

Simpulan : Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa laporan-laporan tentang penurunan populasi burung di hutan harus memisahkan antara spesies burung yang melakukan migrasi dan yang tidak melakukan migrasi. Upaya-upaya untuk mitigasi penurunan kelimpahan burung harus menitikberatkan perhatian pada sistem penggunaan lahan selain hutan dan mendukung pengelolaan hutan secara berkelanjutan yang terpisah dari kondisi-kondisi ekonomi.

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