Pemanfaatan ficus oleh masyarakat etnis minoritas di Myanmar

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Referensi :

Aye MM, Shi YX, Yang XF, Pyae PH, Thaung NO, Whitney CW, Yang YP. 2020. The uses of fig (Ficus) by five ethnic minority communities in Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16:55. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00406-z.


Latar belakang : Sebagian besar wilayah negara Myanmar termasuk ke dalam Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot dan tengah terancam oleh hilangnya keragaman hayati. Pengembangan sebuah kerangka yang komprehensif untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan menjadi hal yang penting. Ficus merupakan spesies penting secara ekologis di Myanmar dan bermanfaat sebagai bahan makanan spiritual tradisional dan obat-obatan. Penggunaan dan pengelolaan secara tradisional ficus menjadi pemicu gagasan penyusunan kebijakan-kebijakan nasional untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini merangkum ragam pengetahuan etnobotani serta berbagai praktek konservasi ficus pada lima kelompok etnis di Negara Bagian Southern Shan.

Metode : Penelitian ini mengadakan wawancara informan kunci maupun wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan 114 orang informan dari kelima kelompok etnis yang memanfaatkan ficus secara tradisional, baik untuk bahan makanan maupun obat-obatan. Peneliti mengajukan pertanyaan tentang tren status konservasi dalam 10 terakhir dan kebiasan serta praktek yang berhubungan dengan konservasi. Data yang diperoleh dari wawancara dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan indeks common quantitative ethnobotany, use report (UR) dan use value (UV). 

Hasil : Para informan melaporkan pemanfaatan delapan spesies ficus (Ficus auricularta, F. concinna, F. geniculata, F. hispida, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. semicordata, dan F. virens). F. geniculata dan F. virens adalah spesies yang paling bermanfaat (UR = 228) dan digunakan oleh masyarakat di kelima kelompok etnis, dengan use value (UV) 2. Terdapat tujuh spesies yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat-obatan ; dapat mengobati hingga 16 jenis penyakit. Konsumsi rumah tangga, kegunaan untuk kepentingan ekonomi dan kegiatan sakral diikuti oleh praktek pemanenan dan perlindungan yang mengikuti prinsip keberlanjutan. Tabu tradisional, di dalam maupun di luar konservasi berlaku khususnya bagi spesies dengan tingkat permintaan tinggi (F. geniculata dan F. virens) serta F. religiosa yang dianggap sakral.

Simpulan : Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ficus bermanfaat untuk dijadikan bahan makanan (menurut seluruh informan) dan untuk obat-obatan (menurut 13,16% dari informan) di lokasi penelitian. Tabu tradisional, di dalam maupun di luar praktek konservasi membantu menjaga pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan terhadap ficus yang dianggap penting oleh masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi awal bagi pengetahuan tradisional tentang ficus yang layak untuk dimakan. Meskipun pemanfaatan serupa terhadap tujuh spesies ficus yang diteliti kali ini telah temukan pula di negara-negara tetangga, pemanfaatan etnobotani F. concinna merupakan hal yang belum lazim.

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