Ringkasan Jurnal Penelitian

Authors: Irawan, S.; Tacconi, L The implementation of a mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD - plus) will be affected by governance conditions within host countries. The top eight countries, which are responsible for 70 percent of the world's total annual deforestation, have implemented certain forms of decentralization in public administration and forest management. This paper analyzes implications of decentralized forest management for the implementation of REDD. Three possible options for the involvement of local governments in the implementation of REDD are: 1) the central government decides on a national reference level and devolves the implementation to local governments; 2) the central government decides on a national reference level and seeks expressions of interest from local governments to implement REDD in their administrative areas; and 3) the central and local governments decide on a national reference level jointly and loc...

Survey evidence from a tribal/local government conflict Penelitian terdahulu menghasilkan temuan bahwa partisan bagi sebuah konflik cenderung memperkuat ekstrimisme dari opini lawan mereka berkenaan dengan isu-isu yang dipersengketakan. Di dalam penelitian kali ini, peneliti mengamati sebuah konflik yang sedang berlangsung antara Suku Nez Perce dan pemerintah lokal non-suku yang beroperasi di dalam wilayah Nez Perce Reservation. Survei penelitian ini berbeda dari penelitian sebelumnya. Pertama, peneliti membedakan antara pejabat dan konstituen pada masing-masing pihak yang bertikai. Kedua, peneliti membandingkannya dengan konflik-konflik lain yang telah diteliti dan menemukan bahwa konflik yang ditemukan selama pengamatan memiliki relevansi persona yang lebih besar. Konflik yang dimaksud bukan mengenai kebijakan-kebijakan abstrak atau pihak ketiga, melainkan tentang tindakan-tindakan potensial spesifik yang memberikan keuntungan langsung bagi salah satu pihak dan kerugian langsung...

Kornea adalah bagian dari organ penglihatan manusia yang sering mengalami cidera. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh tim peneliti University of Maryland Medical Center menemukan tanda-tanda terjadinya kerusakan kornea mata, sebagai berikut: - mata sangat sensitif terhadap cahaya; - pandangan kabur; - rasa nyeri pada mata; - terasa ada sesuatu yang mengganjal dalam kelopak mata; - mata berwarna merah; - kelopak mata bengkak. Sumber: Diana Kohnle | MedlinePlus | 8 Nopember 2010

How America will pay for healthcare is a subject on the mind of virtually every American today. As Congress determines who will pick up the tab for this important and growing expense, it is worthwhile to take a close look at the cost of healthcare itself. Are there areas where expenses can be cut without undermining the quality of care provided? How prevalent are misuse, overuse, and fraud? This paper tackles the tangled issue of healthcare waste and arrives at some interesting, and perhaps even surprising, conclusions: America’s healthcare system is, indeed, hemorrhaging billions of dollars, and the opportunities to slow the fiscal bleeding are substantial. To organize the evidence supporting claims for the magnitude of waste in the healthcare system,we first suggest a set of categories of waste. For each category, there is a simple definition, a brief description of the examples, and references that allow us to make a reasonable assessment of total annual waste for each category. Ca...

Authors: Ferguson-Stegall, Lisa; McCleave, Erin L; Ding, Zhenping; Kammer, Lynne M; Wang, Bei; Doerner, Phillip G; Liu, Yang; Ivy, John L Ingesting carbohydrate plus protein during prolonged variable intensity exercise has demonstrated improved aerobic endurance performance beyond that of a carbohydrate supplement alone. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a supplement containing a mixture of different carbohydrates (glucose, maltodextrin, and fructose) and a moderate amount of protein given during endurance exercise would increase time to exhaustion (TTE), despite containing 50% less total carbohydrate than a carbohydrate-only supplement. Our results suggest that, compared to a traditional 6% CHO supplement, a mixture of carbohydrates plus a moderate amount of protein can improve aerobic endurance at exercise intensities near the VT, despite containing lower total carbohydrate and caloric content.

Menurut Jean Watson keperawatan berfokus pada peningkatan kesehatan, pencegahan penyakit, perawatan yang sakit dan pemulihan kesehatan. Perawatan memperhatikan peningkatan kesehatan sepadan dengan pengobatan penyakit. Keperawatan didefinisikan sebagai berikut: Ilmu tentang manusia dan pengalaman sehat sakit manusia yang didapatkan melalui transaksi profesional, ilmiah, estetis dan etis . Tujuan keperawatan (melalui proses keperawatan) adalah membantu orang untuk mencapai derajat harmoni yang tinggi dari dirinya dengan sasaran untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan diri, penyembuhan atau memperoleh makna dari apa yang terjadi dalam hidup ini. Konsep utama Keperawatan 1. Manusia. Adalah seseorang yang berharga yang perlu dirawat, dihormati, dipelihara, dipahami, dan dibantu. Secara fisiologis manusia dipandang sebagai pengintegrasian diri secara penuh. Manusia dipandang sebagai lebih dari kesimpulan organ-organ. 2. Kesehatan Aspek-aspek kesehatan menurut WHO meliputi a) tingkat yang tinggi d...

 A Case Study in New York State, US 1988-2008 Authors: Birkhead, Guthrie S. MD, MPH; Pulver, Wendy P. MS; Warren, Barbara L. BSN, MPH, PNP; Klein, Susan J. MS; Parker, Monica M. PhD; Caggana, Michele ScD, FACMG; Smith, Lou C. MD, MPH Objectives: To assess the outcomes of efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) made over the last 2 decades in New York State (NYS), through review of data from multiple sources. Methods: Using available surveillance, laboratory, and program monitoring data, the following were examined for NYS: (1) the rate of prenatal HIV testing, (2) HIV prevalence among childbearing women, (3) maternal prenatal and delivery care, (4) care of HIV-exposed infants, and (5) the rate of MTCT. Trends over time and comparisons among groups were assessed. Results: In NYS, HIV prevalence in childbearing women has declined 70% since its peak in 1989. Rates of prenatal HIV testing have been more than 95% in recent ye...